نُشر في بواسطة Abdulrahman Sumait

موسوعة الاختراعات ( 50 ) آلة لغزل القطن

آلة لغزل القطن

كانت صناعتا الغزل والنسيج بين أقدم الصناعات التي عرفها الإنسان.

وهناك أنواع كثيرة من الأنسجة المحوكة أو المحبوكة كالحصر والسلال وشبك التسييج ، لكن أهمها طبعا ً هو القماش.

ولكي يصبح بالإمكان نسخ القماش ينبغي غزل الخيطان من صوف الحيوان أو ألياف النبات أو من مواد أخرى.

وقد استخدم الإنسان القطن والصوف والكتان لهذا الغرض منذ حوالي سنة 2500ق.م ،

ويعود تاريخ أقدم قطعة قماش عثر عليها إلى حوالي عام 4500ق.م .

تحتوي هذه الصورة على سمة alt فارغة; اسم الملف هو Screenshot_2020-04-08-thumb2-water-drops-texture-4k-black-background-water-drops-water-backgrounds-jpg-صورة-JPEG،-710×444-....png

ظلت عملية الغزل تتم يدويا ً في أوروبا حتى القرن الرابع عشر.

فكان الغزال يتناول كمشة من الصوف أو القطن الخام فيراكب العدد المناسب من أليافها ويبرمها للحصول على خيط يلفه على مغزله.

وصارت العملية أسرع عندما صار المغزل يدار بالدواسة في دولاب الغزل كما أصبحت ثخانة الخيوط أكثر انتظاما ً.

الخيطان قماشا ً بالنول ، وكان النول البدائي يتألف من قضيبين خشبيين تشد عليهما الخيوط ثم يلف خيط طويل جدا ًعلى مكوك ويمرر باليد تحت الخيط تارة وفوق الخيط التالي أخرى حتى آخر الخيوط ثم تعاد الكرة فيمرر المكوك فوق الخيط الذي مر من تحته سابقا ً وتحت الخيط التالي الذي مر من فوقه قبلا ً ،

وهكذا تتحابك خيوط المغزل التي تؤلف لحمة النسيج متعامدة مع الخيوط الثابتة التي تؤلف سداة النسيج.

تحتوي هذه الصورة على سمة alt فارغة; اسم الملف هو Screenshot_2020-04-08-thumb2-water-drops-texture-4k-black-background-water-drops-water-backgrounds-jpg-صورة-JPEG،-710×444-....png

وصارت عملية النسيج أسرع كثيرا ً عندما صار بالإمكان رفع الخيوط المتناوبة دفعة واحدة ليسير المكوك في الفسحة ذهابا ً وإيابا ً عبر مجموعتي الخيوط المتعاقبتي الرفع.

وبالتدريج أخذت الأنوال تزداد تعقيدا ً وصار من السهل نسج القماش بنماذج ونقوش متنوعة.

وفي عام 1733 اخترع جون كاي المكوك الأوتوماتيكي وصار النساج يشد حباله فيتحرك المكوك بسرعة عبر النول.

وإزاء هذه السرعة عجز الغزالون عن تزويد النساجين بحاجتهم من خيوط الغزل.

وقد حلت هذه المشكلة عام 1767 على يد جيمس هارغريفز مخترع دولاب الغزل الذي يمكن بواسطته الحصول على العديد من مكبات خيوط الغزل في الوقت نفسه.

تحتوي هذه الصورة على سمة alt فارغة; اسم الملف هو Screenshot_2020-04-08-thumb2-water-drops-texture-4k-black-background-water-drops-water-backgrounds-jpg-صورة-JPEG،-710×444-....png

المراجع :

تحتوي هذه الصورة على سمة alt فارغة; اسم الملف هو Screenshot_2020-04-08-thumb2-water-drops-texture-4k-black-background-water-drops-water-backgrounds-jpg-صورة-JPEG،-710×444-....png
تحتوي هذه الصورة على سمة alt فارغة; اسم الملف هو Screenshot_2020-04-08-thumb2-water-drops-texture-4k-black-background-water-drops-water-backgrounds-jpg-صورة-JPEG،-710×444-....png

جزيرة الأمل || Hope island

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